Ondochousetsu (Temperature Control) - Moofy, Scaze & Howard

[Nathan]

The normal body temperature (which varies between 36°C and 37°C, or 96°F and 98,6°F) is a very important aspect of the body, because when the temperature is other then normal, the organism can't work properly (the more it deviates from the normal values, the more the metabolism gets hindered). Normal temperature is needed for all enzymes to work properly and all proteins to exist in their normal state (non denatured, denaturing is a process where the structure of a protein gets irreversibly destroyed and the protein becomes unusable).

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Homework:

Questions (Answer these after reading the article):

• -Which part of the body initiates the increased tempreature, and how does it happen (On the cellular level)?
• -Why do we get fevers?
• -Why do we feel chills after getting a fever?
• -Difference of a Bacterial and Viral induced fever?
• -Difference between 'Hypothermia' and 'Hyperthermia'

 

[Howard]

-Which part of the body initiates the increased temperature, and how does it happen (On the cellular level)?

Temperature is controlled and regulated by the hypothalamus. A pyrogen is a trigger to a fever, which causes the release of prostaglandin an active lipid compound that has diverse hormone-like effects. This compound then in turn acts on the hypothalamus, which generates a systemic response to the rest of the body, causing heat-creating effects to match a new temperature level.

A pyrogen is any substance that instigates a fever examples include prostaglandin as mentioned above as well as several types of bacteria including lipopolysaccharide.

-Why do we get fevers?

A fever is how the body kills off unwanted infections and bacteria. It is one of the ways the body itself can create and maintain a defense. Research has shown that a fever can help warm blooded vertebrae recover at a quicker and somewhat safer pace eliminating certain bacteria with a strict temperature preference.

-Why do we feel chills after getting a fever?

You get a fever when the immune system makes the brain set the setpoint for you body;s temperature higher. Once the setpoint is raised a few degrees, you brain thinks yourbody is too too cold. After your temperature begins to rush you body feels flush and warm.
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-Difference of a Bacterial and Viral induced fever?

With a bacterial induced fever the bacteria is able to reproduce on it's own. With a viral induced fever the virus needs to bind to and enter a cell, then deliver its genome to a site where it can produce new copies of viral proteins and RNA, assemble these components into new viral particles, and, last, exit the host cell.

Also a bacterial induced fever is treated with antibiotics, viral induced fever is treated with antivirals.

-Difference between 'Hypothermia' and 'Hyperthermia'

Hypothermia: The body temperature is too low, the body itself needs heat.
Hyperthermia: The body temperature is too high, the body needs to reduce/lose heat.

 

[ᴍᴏᴏғʏ]

- Which part of the body initiates the increased tempreature, and how does it happen (On the cellular level)?

A fever can be caused by many medical conditions ranging from the not serious to potentially serious. This includes viral, bacterial and parasitic infections such as the common cold, urinary tract infections, meningitis, malaria and appendicitis among others. Non-infectious causes include vasculitis, deep vein thrombosis, side effects of medication, and cancer among others. The increase in set-point (Normal Body Temperature value) triggers increased muscle contraction and causes a feeling of cold. This results in greater heat production and efforts to conserve heat. A trigger of the fever, called a pyrogen, causes a release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 then in turn acts on the hypothalamus, which generates a systemic response back to the rest of the body, causing heat-creating effects to match a new temperature level.

- Why do we get fevers?

Fever can support the immune system's attempt to gain advantage over infectious agents, such as viruses and bacteria, and it makes the body less favorable as a host for replicating viruses and bacteria, which are temperature sensitive.

- Difference between 'Hypothermia' and 'Hyperthermia'

Hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the temperature set-point, due to either too much heat production or not enough heat loss. Hyperthermia requires treatment. Hyperthermia is an example of a high temperature that is not a fever. It occurs from a number of causes including heatstroke, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine, idiosyncratic drug reactions, and serotonin syndrome. Hypothermia has two main types of causes. It classically occurs from extreme exposure to cold. It may also occur from any condition that decreases heat production or increases heat loss

In short; Hypothermia happens when the body's temperature is below the set-point. Hyperthermia happens when the body's temperature is above the set point. So one is colder while the other one is hotter.

- Difference of a Bacterial and Viral induced fever?

Bacteria are relatively complex, single-celled creatures and can survive in different environments, including extreme heat and cold, radioactive waste, and the human body.Unlike bacteria, viruses can't survive without a host. They can only reproduce by attaching themselves to cells.

Why do we feel chills after getting a fever?

It is a natural response of the body so it sends the single to the hypothalamus in order to reset the body's thermostat and begin increasing the temperature so you go back to normal. In essence, it is forcefully inducing the body to feel cold so it can begin the process of re-heating itself.

 

[System001]

-Which part of the body initiates the increased tempreature, and how does it happen (On the cellular level)?
The hypothalamus regulates body temprature. When a pyrogen (typically a bacterial substance that can be found in bacteria) is introduced to the body the release of prostaglandin E2 ( a lipid with hormone like effects) will be stimulated. Prostaglandin E2 acts on the hyptothalamus and produces a systemic effect that will result in fever.

-Why do we get fevers?
A fever is a defense mechanism as it can help the body to recover from infections and bacteria more quickly because there are certain immunological functions that are sped up by a higher body temprature. Furthermore, research has shown lower fatal cases of bacterial infections when a fever was present. Lastly, a higher body temprature may hinder the functions of some pathogens.

-Why do we feel chills after getting a fever?

Because the bodies temprature isn't aligned with the set point, so you'll feel cold until they're both aligned - it's a natural response that the body will use to heat itself (shivering, muscle contractions etc).

Difference of a Bacterial and Viral induced fever?

A fever can be one of the bodies responses to pathogens - Bacteria and Viruses are both pathogens. Bacteria are single celled organisms that reproduce in a manner similar to mitoses/meiosis, whereas Viruses are regarded as non-living, they're not single celled as they have no nucleus and lack other features that makes a cell a cell, instead they're merely a strand of DNA/RNA surrounded by a protective membrane. Outside of a host they are inert and useless - they do not grow outside of a host like bacteria can which makes them significantly harder to study, however once inside a host a Virus will continously invade cells and utilise cells to profilerate - damaging them as they do so and releasing harmful agents.
To treat a bacterial infection and fever an antibotic will be used, for a viral one however an antiviral will be required as antibiotics typically do not affect viruses.

Difference between 'Hypothermia' and 'Hyperthermia'

The bodies set-point is the temprature that the brain and hypothalamus determine the body should be at - when the set point rises to high and the body temprature increases to match it a fever is occuring. However when the set point is normal but the body temprature is higher - it means that a person is experiecing hyperthermia. The opposite then would be Hypothermia, where the bodies temprature would be notably lower than its set point.

 

[Nathan]

Well done all of you.

There are many factors that can disrupt the human bodies temperature; environmental exposition, internal processes (infection, reaction to a poison, etc) or maybe chakra dis-balance. Even extreme physical exertion can destroy enough muscle to trigger an inflamatory rection that will trigger fever. There are various ways to regulate body temperature based on it being high or low, the cause and how far it has risen or dropped. In this skill, you'll learn a few techniques that serve to lower or raise the body temperature. However, this effect is temporary. You'll need to tackle the condition that triggered the change in body temperature and, when that takes time, you'll need to add medicine to help keep the temperature controlled.


Basically, there are two ways this can go: your body temperature will either be too hgih or too low:


Hypothermia occurs mainly due to environmental influences (i.e. when someone isn't dressed appropriately, when someone falls into cold water, gets buried in by snow etc.), internally it can mean damage to the TRC (look below for what that is) or it can also be caused by overuse of the temperature lowering techniques I posted below; and that is why I made that chart, and that is why you have to learn the values .
To counter hypothermia itself you can proceed in 2 ways; one would be using fire chakra (to heat the patients body, not to burn it!! be careful) or to use this tech:

(Iryō Ninjutsu: Rinkai Roppou) Medical Technique: Temperature rise
Type: Supplementary
Rank: B-Rank
Range: Short
Chakra: 20
Damage: N/A
Description: The user will place both of his hands on the patients body, and insert a fair amount of his chakra into the patient. He or she will then will/make the chakra affect the heart (fastening the heart rate), the blood vessels (constricting them rising the blood pressure) and the thyroid gland (inducing faster release of hormones that enhance the metabolism). As result the body temperature will rise to 37°C (or 98,6°F).
Note: user must be a master of Diagnosis

Sub-febrile temperature is, in most cases, just a symptom of a rising infection/upcoming illness. It is important to not lower this temperature because it actually helps the body fight the disease! The rise in temperature is caused by the body in a complicated way, but I will try to simplify it a bit in a few steps:
1. An infection or a strange substance triggers the detection/production of an antigen (as viruses, bacteria, poisons etc.).
2. The antibodies react to the presence of that antigen by attacking it, but first they release mediators. Mediators (histamine for example) are chemical substances that notify the entire organism of the presence of an antigen.
3. Mediators reach the center of thermal regulation (which is located in the hypothalamus) and signal that an antigen was detected.
4. As a result, the TRC (thermoregulation center) rises up the temperature by more or less 0,5°C (that is about 0,9°F) by sending off hormones that tell the pituitary gland to release the TSH hormone which controls the thyroid gland, which in turn releases T3 and T4 hormones which enhance/speed up the overall metabolism of the person, which, in turn, is what is really needed to achieve the rise in temperature. Temperature rises by increasing blood flow, metabolic functions and by burning calories. Shivers, for example, are a way for the body to use the muscles to burn calories through involuntary movements which in turn produces heat.
5. The slight rise in temperatures activates more and more antibodies and enhances their performance as well as further increasing blood glow and circulation which then further increases the response of the organism.

Febrile temperature comes in place when the previously mentioned antigen continues to be produced as a result of a resulting infection, so more and more antibodies get released which in turn release more and more mediators, which then make the TRC go berserk and it totally looses its sense of normal temperature. When this happens, the temperature isn't optimal for enzymes and antibodies in general anymore, and they loose their effectiveness, therefore the effect of sub-febrile temperature is negated, and the state is useless or more often dangerous because at a point the antibody stop working altogether. This is when you need to start lowering the temperature, and you do this by using this technique:

(Iryō Ninjutsu: Rinkai Umou Seppan) Medical Technique: Gentle Temperature Ease
Type: Supplementary
Rank: B-Rank
Range: Short
Chakra: 20
Damage: N/A
Description: In order for this jutsu to take effect, the user must somehow have contact with the earth; be it actual ground or a mere pot filled with earth. The user places his dominant hand on the patients chest, and the other hand on the ground/earth. By activating this technique the user takes excessive temperature from the patient, guides it through his body and releases it into the earth through his other hand. This relieves the temperature of the patient by 0,8°C (or 1,4°F) per use until the patient's temperature is 36ºC.
Note: If unable to guide the chakra into the ground/pot of earth, then the users temperature rises for the mentioned amount

(Iryō Ninjutsu: Rinkai Umou Mattou) Medical Technique: Complete Temperature Ease
Type: Supplementary
Rank: A-Rank
Chakra: 30
Damage: N/A
Range: Short
Description: In order for this jutsu to take effect, the user must somehow have contact with the earth; be it actual ground or a mere pot filled with earth. The user places his dominant hand on the patients chest, and the other hand on the ground/earth. By activating this technique the user takes excessive temperature from the patient, guides it through his body and releases it into the earth through his other hand. This relieves the temperature of the patient by 1,6°C (or ~3°F).
Note: If unable to guide the chakra into the ground/pot of earth, then the users temperature rises for the mentioned amount


Make sure you don't lower the temperature too much (below sub-febrile) because you want that effect it gives, but then again you need to lower it enough to not be dangerous anymore. You'll perfect this with practice .

Very high febrility is when it becomes lethal. The temperature is now higher then the protein structure can stand, and they begin to disintegrate, denature and become useless, this means actually tissue is dying off! And of course, the most effected by this is the brain. At this moment don't think about getting to the optimal temperature, lower it by any means necessary; be it water jutsu (of low rank, you don't want to hurt the patient) or even ice jutsu. Of course you can not use a jutsu and got for the old fashioned way of putting him/her in a bathtub full of ice cubes. Your main goal is to save life here!

This has some cientifical knowledge here but the main aspects to rettain for NB RPG are these:

-All large wounds and trauma will always induce fever due to either the inflamatory reaction to the tissue destuction or the infection caused by large open wounds.

-Toxins, Venoms and Poisons will always rise the body temperature before dropping it abruptly unless its defined in the toxin, venom or poison description as otherwise.

-Blood loss will always lower your body temperature and bring about a state of hypothermia, severe or not.

-Chakra depletion will lower your body temperature.

Any questions?

 

[ᴍᴏᴏғʏ]

No questions, the information you just posted answered any I had at the moment. Thank you^

 

[Howard]

No questions either.

 

[System001]

No questions.