well first off i believe he saw muu's spliting technique allowing him to copy it forming 2 individual versions of himself each with a part of his soul (one yin one yang) therefore he can be summoned and still be tobi, this also covers the "shell of his former self", since the ability also splits their power into 2...i think he lost 1 sharingan because he lost half his power and had to replace it but his original is still his most usefull (the one eyed mask) and i have 2 theories bout edo madara, either he fears him because edo's regain all of their lost abilities or because he had the stronger half of his sharingan pair...might be nothing but notice in the manga pic his right eye (tobi's mask eye) is hidden by his hair...also once he has the rinnegan tobi has madara's warfan, i think only madara knows how to use it since it is the only one of its kind...and my ultimate proof...narutopedia still refers to madara as tobi xD they dont even have a section for tobi they put it all under madara...that could be wrong but i go with it...and i believe it was because of the death of itachi, with that threat out of the way he could become more assertive and with nagato dead he could take charge of the akatsuki...just my theories