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What I know about Sand
Sand itself is unique to Gaara, other variations like Gold Dust[Sand] are unique to Gaara's father the 4th kazekage, although Gold Dust also has ties to the magnetism release. Shukaku [the one tailed beast] is a master of Sand, he is also made from it. Sand are both Gaara's ultimate attack and defense. Gaara can freely manipulate his sand with his chakra, able to create hands, clones and much more from it. As shown in the series Sand is weak to Lightning, according to NB water is also a weakness, rendering the Sand unusable, the 2nd Mizukage's oil was the only other thing shown to make Gaara's sand unusable.
im sure theres more i missed xD