Ryóma

[Nathan]

So first thing is first, what do you know about medical ninjutsu - a more indepth understanding from your app please.

 

[Ryóma]

No no, first thing first is that I'm excited to be starting this. u-u

Actually, when I applied I knew what I wrote in my post and a bit more than that I guess, but since I arrived here I feel like I know a lot more after reading many of the threads. Anyways, Medical Ninjutsu is a category of ninjutsu which deals with many things such as important knowledge of the human body (and aliens), healing, enhancement of strength and offensive usages. First off, ninja must train in the field extensively in order to gain lots of knowledge on the human body, without which healing or attacking could not take place. Just like in real life, it is very important for a surgeon to know what they are actually doing, or they could end up killing someone. Because of this, a requirement of medical ninja is that they have excellent chakra control, something that those of the Hyūga clan naturally possess.

Gaining knowledge on the body can also be exploited for offensive purposes, like knowing exactly which nerve to cut to disorient a person (like Kabuto to Tsunade), and which areas of the body are most vulnerable to land an attack on. Chakra itself can also be used to harm someone, as shown by Tsunade when she was about to injure Orochimaru.

Speaking of offensive purposes, poison is a specialty which deals with this, one that I think is really versatile due to the many ways it can be used in. I mean, you could use it by dipping a kunai in poison and throwing it at someone, exhaling poison out from the body, or even causing someone to ingest it. Ninja specialising in poison can also extract poison out of their own or other people's bodies, as Sakura did with Kankuro. They can also create poisons and study them in detail, knowing what effects they will produce on someone. I think this is a pretty awesome specialisation because the idea of experimenting and creating your own poisons is just awesome. It makes it seem a whole lot more real.

Back to the gentle side of it, once a ninja completes training in this field, they have the crucial knowledge to heal patients. When healing them, the first thing a medical ninja does is make sure they are clean themselves so they don't infect the patient, and vice versa. Then, they carefully go over the patient's body with their hands whilst emitting chakra, seen as a greenish glow, and this chakra allows them to detect what is wrong with the patient. To be healed, a patient must first be diagnosed. Also, it's really cool how the Hyūga can look into the body during this process, making it much more efficient! The Byakugan is too awesome. u-u

Medical Ninjutsu allows one to heal cuts, wounds, bones, tissue and organs. Medical ninja also utilise pills which can heal, as well as enhance the user's strength. I personally know that there is one pill that stops bleeding, cause Nakiri gave me one in our battle. xD Also similar to pills, I think, are herbs. These are basically natural ingredients which can have similar effects as the pills, or be used to make pills themselves and other medicines.

And, since I touched on the topic of poisons, I'll do the other two as well. Self empowerment seems like a smaller field than poison, and ninja specialising in it can regenerate injured tissue which is pretty awesome. It's pretty simple, but quite useful as well. Then there is medical Fuuinjutsu, which specialises in incorporating fuuin with med. It has a few subfields in it which one can specialise in, but of course Fuuinjutsu is required to learn it.

Aaaaand done.

 

[Nathan]

Very good, I don't think anything has to be added, you've got the basics down. Moving onto the first proper lesson.

Shindan (Diagnosis)​

A Medical Ninja needs to start somewhere and that somewhere is detecting the issue with your patient. Shindan or diagnosis is the first step in treatment; understanding the problem. With this skill you use your hands to carefully probe a patient for problems that you might not be able to see. Contact with the patient will initially be needed but with time becomes optional. Despite this, you'll always need a close proximity between your patient and your hands. This technique is preformed by approaching the patient and slowly running both hands over his or her body, using your chakra to examine the body and looking for signs of injury that may not be visible to the naked eye. It can detect any physical alteration to the body (internal or external wounds, lesions, tumors, fractures, diseases, etc) as well as its composition (glucose levels, iron levels, antibodies, etc ) and vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, pain levels, breathing, oxygen saturation, etc).

A student of Medical Jutsu will require several minutes to assess all the details but a medical ninja will be able to do so in mere moments. To help less experienced ninjas or to aid in complex cases, direct contact is often used as well as chakra transmiting mediums such as water, wood, etc.

Mental injuries such as psycosis, depression, bipolar disorder, etc can be determined as well. In this case, however, scanning the patients head is necessary. By scanning the various hormones, chemicals as well the electrical currents that make up the inner working of the brain, the medical ninja can detect any inbalance and to what it might be due. He cannot read minds but he can understand if there is a disease or a Genjutsu present.

Additionally, all medical ninjas can use this skill to sense the patients chakra flow. Its by sensing the chakra flow that most of the times injuries and disease are noticed and diagnosed. Ninjas have their physical being greatly intertwined with their chakra, making so that an injury in one will result in changes to the other.

Finally, after gaining mastery over medical jutsu, a medical ninja becomes even able to examine dead bodies, determining cause and time of death.


Let me just explain how Shindan works a bit better, for everyone.

The idea behind it is that you will send your chakra through another body (your hands are the main focus here and its through its tenketsu that you'll release the chakra) and then will it to return to you with the information you need. That means that it doesn't matter whether you will touch the person or not or the location of your initial scan at all; the chakra will find the root of the problem and the manifestation of it. This is the information you require.

You can use chakra transmiting mediums, such as water, to improve you diagnosis and its effectiveness. The easier it is for your chakra to enter the body of the patient and return, the more information you'll be able to attain.

Now, to achieve this you need advanced chakra control and practice. Too much chakra and you risk harming the patient. Too little and you might not get enough information out of it.

What skills, KGs and abilities might help the medical ninja in this procedure?

Any advanced sensory enhacement helps the ninja adquire information in a more detailed manner, faster and without needing so much time. The main examples are:

-Sharingan: the ability to see your chakra flow and is characteristics as well as the ability to gain advanced visual perception in general helps to better identify the issues with the patient.

-Byakugan: perhaps the most useful of all the abilities that can help a medical ninja, the Byakugan allows you to see inside the body, piercing through the flesh and looking at the core issue in detail. Additionally, because you can see the chakra circulatory system completely and in detail, you can gauge the extent of the damage and if it somehow has anything to do with his chakra flow.

-Chakra Sensing: As said above, most injuries and diseases affect the chakra flow. By being able to sense disturbances in the chakra flow of your patients you are able to better understand their nature and extents.

-Enhanced Hearing: This can help you better evaluate biological functions such as breathing, heart function, intestinal function, blood circulation, blood pressure, etc.

-Emotion Sensing: While we talk about injuries of the flesh, the medical ninja also needs to treat injuries of the mind, often associated with Genjutsu. To better do this, sensing the emotions of your targets might help greatly.​

Any questions before I issue some tasks?

 

[Ryóma]

I find it really interesting that it allows one to find out details as minute as antibodies even. Quite fascinating. And also how the chakra finds the problem, that seems pretty cool. u-u

My only question is, is the Byakugan actually better than the diagnosis itself, since it can actually see inside? Although it probably would not be able to detect the really minute details, but just the injuries right?

 

[Nathan]

I find it really interesting that it allows one to find out details as minute as antibodies even. Quite fascinating. And also how the chakra finds the problem, that seems pretty cool. u-u

My only question is, is the Byakugan actually better than the diagnosis itself, since it can actually see inside? Although it probably would not be able to detect the really minute details, but just the injuries right?

If it's done by chakra based attacks, you'll be able to see minute details.

Okay now, I want you to try and gather up some chakra, make sure you channel it very careful throughout your body to make it appear in your hands. This chakra will be able to diagnosis people, give it a shot.

 

[Ryóma]

I see.

Gathering chakra in my hands, I place them near my chest, slowly moving them downwards. The chakra touching my body goes into it, and returns with various types of information as to what is going on in my body. No injuries present, vital signs and composition of my body seems pretty healthy, and chakra flow is fine. All good. Due to me being a beginner, it takes a few minutes to do this, and my hands are almost touching my body. The amount of chakra I use is also very precise, so as not to damage myself.

 

[Nathan]

Very good.

Teikouryoku (Power of Resistance)​

Before one can treat patients, one needs to protect himself. In real life, medical staff use gloves, masks, etc. But for a Medicla Ninja in a battlefield, thats not pratical. A Medical Ninja must always be aware of becoming a victim of whatever their patient is suffering from so he needs resistance to disease. With this skill you, as a Medical Ninja, increase your natural resistance to most natural diseases and toxins as well as most manmade diseases and poisons, allowing you to threat an infected or poisoned patient with a higher safety. It has no effect on diseases or poisons already affecting you though. This skill, as all others, improves as you grow in power and affords greater resistance to a wider range of diseases and poisons and can become something that you don't even need to focus to achieve.

However, there are limits. This skill will essentially provide a boost to your natural resistance to disease, poison, toxins, acids, alkaline substances, etc but will only basically provide a "shield" of sorts around you. This shield can be overcome, like all others, by overpowering it. This essentially means that you cannot use this to defend from enemy offensive techniques in the misdt of battle.

If you decide to and gain Poison Mastery, allowing you to make your own Custom Poison and mastery that branch of medical arts, this skill will allow you to become immune to regular none custom poisons and to your own poison.

How is it performed?

Now, to do this, you need to focus on your chakra at its core. This, when you look at the chakra circulatory system, is the central spiral network of chakra paths thats surrounds your chakra source, normally located in your abdomen. When you focus on it, you need to visualize a growing yellow and warm aura, spreading from your core, outwards towards your skin. Its this focus and this will that will make your chakra passively aggressive towards pathogens and most natural toxins and infectious diseases. This chakra is invisible to the naked eye and doesn't go beyond the users skin. However, doujutsu might see the aura growing and expanding from the medical ninjas core.

Its this a technique?

Teikouryoku is not a technique, has no chakra cost or is otherwise performed in any way remotely similar to a Jutsu. It is a passive skill, much like diagnosis, taught in the medschool, that gets stronger with time; the more you work with it, the better it will protect you against contagious diseases and poisons.

Are there different stages to its effectiveness?

Yes.

Medical Student: can maintain this skill active for a few minutes, enough to treat a single patient but needs effort and to will it to happen. Its impossible to keep active at all times.

Medical Ninja: the skill can be active for as long as he wishes and he doesn't need to dedicate any kind of mental command or focus for it to work.

Poison Master: Not only is the skill the same as the one for regular medical ninjas as it can protect the user from his own Custom Poisons and similar techniques (for example, toxic/poisonous/venomous elements) at all times.

SO with that try and increase your resistance.

 

[Shinta]

I'll be teaching you what I can and avoiding things in the S-ranks until you can learn them ^^

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Kiyomaru (Cleanse)​

As you might imagine, it is not always possible for a medical nin to practice basic hand washing and especially using an antiseptic to disinfect his/her hands. This technique has the effect of instantly removing bacteria, dirt, blood, and other contaminants from the users hands, lower arms, and face. It also insures that any breath that comes from the users body will be free of any bacteria or infectious disease. This technique can also be used to clean the wounds of others in order to prevent infection from bacteria.
Of course in the event that the medical nin is in need to use this technique to prevent infection of an injury that has been inflicted upon him-/herself, it is used as if the shinobi were using it on somebody else.
Now to the actual how to; as I implied above, our complete skin, and most of the mucous membranes are constantly covered with bacteria.. and other microbes. The only thing stopping those microorganisms from causing a disease is the fine balance of them and our physiological protective flora. The best way to describe this better is to give an example: our intestines are covered with millions of microorganisms, and when you get sick (like a cold or something) and you have to take antibiotics for whatever caused the cold, you actually disturb the physiological protective flora of your intestines, and therefore pathological bacteria prevail, and with their tocsins they start damaging the epithelial cells of your intestines thus causing diarrhea [this is for real btw. and I'm sorry for straying away that much lol].
You, with your chakra, can very easily disturb such a tiny energetic system. In order to make your chakra so aggressive you simply visualize how it starts being more agile, warmer and idk.. whatever you think of when you think "destroy >.<". Then you start sending it out from your palms, and while doing so, you simply run your hands over whatever you want to disinfect, be it your arms, face, or the patients wound (requires a different jutsu, since you have got to be careful not to disturb the actual patient’s chakra system). Once the bacteria’s energy system is disturbed, it simply dies because it's membrane starts failing and can no longer keep water inside, and so it dries out.

The method for cleaning yourself:

(Iryō Ninjutsu: Kirei Tomo) Medical Technique: I clean all of me
Type: Supplementary
Rank: C-Rank
Range: Short
Chakra Cost: 15
Damage Points: N/A
Description: The medical shinobi fills his palms with small amounts of extremely aggressive chakra and runs them over the areas of his body he wants to clean of any microorganisms, harmful substances, etc. The chakra will eliminate any inert harmful substance or microorganism present on that area. Normally this technique is done on the hands and lower arms just before having contact with a patient but can be applied to the whole body in specific situations (before performing surgery, if the enemy is highly contagious, etc). After being done, the chakra automatically turns back to his regular, non-harmful and calm one.

For cleaning someone else:

(Iryō Ninjutsu: Kirei Itto) Medical Technique: I clean all of him
Type: Supplementary
Rank: B-Rank
Range: Short
Chakra Cost: 20
Damage Points: N/A
Description: The medical shinobi fills his palms with moderate amounts of semi-aggressive chakra and runs them over any areas of the patient’s body he wants to clean of any microorganisms, controlling the chakra flow constantly so it doesn't becomes too lethal. The area affected is 4 times the area of the users hands. After being done, his chakra automatically turns back to his regular, non-harmful and calm one.

FAQ

Imagine I have access to pathological microorganism... let's say, hypothetically, fungus. How does the rank of these techniques interact with them? Is Med Nin stronger, double stronger, equal? And how would this technique interact in other types of battle applications? What about...lets say I have a mud jutsu, or a dirt jutsu, can I use this technique to coat my hand and body and neutralize it? Is this the same as basic ninjutsu in terms of power? For example, if this was raw ninjutsu, and, thus, weaker to elemental techniques, I'd be able to use it to neutralize a D rank lightning, allowing me to touch electricity, even if momentarily. If it's the same as strong raw ninjutsu, like the hyuuga rotation, then it would be neutral to elemental ninjutsu, so I'd be able to walk through D rank fireballs and the such, like a sort of body armour, as I have my body coated in chakra.

They are equals. Lets use Medical Ninjutsu: Strong Beam as the example.

(Iryo Ninjutsu: Tsuyoi Kōsen) Medical Ninjutsu: Strong Beam
Type: Offensive
Rank: A-Rank
Range: Short-Long
Chakra: 30
Damage: 60
Description: A high level medical technique in which the user gathers medical chakra, akin to the Shosen Jutsu technique, into his index and middle fingers, forming a dense chakra focus point. This chakra quickly changes from a light, translucent green to a heavy, bright red color as the user points his fingers outwards, unleashing a powerful chakra beam. The chakra beam, however, has different properties from normal chakra and, unlike the technique which serves as its basis, has no healing effect, quite the contrary. If it hits an enemy living organism, its aggressive nature injures the targeted tissues, creating an effect similar to a severe burn. The cells burst open as if having been hit by a high temperature, reducing themselves to a mushy pulp as the beam travels through them. If undefended, the beam can easily pierce through an enemy in a fast manner. The travelling speed of the beam is akin to that of a similar ranked lightning technique. The down side of the technique is that, when it collides with an elemental technique, it acts as a simple, concentrate chakra beam, capable of overcoming B-Rank defenses and only being negated by A-Rank ones.

That also accounts for all medical techniques, they are equal in terms of power and, just general everything. However, these techniques, their design is to clean all of him and you. They are mainly just used to kill microorganism/bacteria. They don't really have many battle applications. Sure, one can be inventive and try to find them but its likely that you can do the same in a better way with other techniques.

Can these be used to desinfect instruments and weapons from poisons and toxins?

Yes and no. Simple pathogens and microorganisms, etc. Poisons, no.

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So this means you can use the two cleaning jutsu ("All of Me" and "All of Him"). They are imperative that you use them before any kind of operation to protect yourself and your patient.
Please not that it won't destroy Poisons, there are other jutsu you'll learn in order to remove those from a patient.

I also tend to not worry about the Homework sections of the Handbook... just ask me questions about these things if you have them, most of the information you need should be in these Handbook posts regardless xD

 

[Ryóma]

Quite a detailed explanation. u-u I don't have any questions. That first frequently asked one is interesting, although I'll probably never attempt to use these cleaning techniques in a battle to protect myself. xD

 

[Shinta]

I would hope these are detailed, that's why they were put into the handbook xD

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Tekishutsu (Extraction)​

One of the most common things to happen to a ninja is to get a foreign object lodged somewhere in his or her body. Normally, this poses an issue as these objects tend to be weapons which are normally designed to inflict even more damage when forcefully removed from your flesh. Medical ninjas, however, can use this skill to, in tandem with other skills you'll learn like blood coagulation for example, remove an object lodged in a body without further damaging the tissue around it. So, when a patient's body has a foreign object in it, such as the point of a shuriken, a senbon needle, or an arrow, it is important to remove the object without further harming the patient. Using this technique the Medical Ninja places their hands on either side of the injured area and uses chakra to very carefully manipulate the surrounding tissues in order to remove the object without causing any further damage. Depending on the severity of the wound and nature of the object, it can take anywhere from a few seconds to a few minutes to remove it.

---

Just another technique of the Medical Shinobi, allowing you to safely remove things from your patient that shouldn't be there... like a Kunai, shrapnel or the like; without doing further harm to the patient.

 

[Ryóma]

Nice, nice. Can this one also be used in battle if someone sticks a weapon in you?

 

[Shinta]

Well it can, but it won't really have any benefit as you'd still have the hole it originally made in you: this just stops further damage from having something lodged in you in some odd way. You have to remember that most of medical ninjutsu isn't aimed at battle, but instead healing said battles.

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Kuchiyose No Jutsu (Summoning Medical Tools)​

A medical ninja, regardless of his skill, will always face situations in which he'll need medical tools to treat patients. Be it to create antidotes or medicine, but to also stitch or bandage wounds, you'll always need to make sure you can access medical tools and supplies to treat patients.

*Hands out a scroll to each of you*

This technique allows a Medical Ninja to summon some of the tools of their trade. It is not practical to carry around syringes, scalpels and other tools but a scroll that can be used to summon these and other similar objects is both practical and convenient.

So as for any good summoning jutsu, you need your blood and a few kanji which you can all find in your scroll. You are expected to carry it with you at all times. It includes:

(Kuchiyose No Jutsu: Eisei Yougu) Summoning technique: Medical tools
Type: Supplementary
Rank: B-Rank
Range: N/A
Chakra cost: 20
Damage: N/A
Description: The medical Ninja will bite his thumb and do the summoning handseals before pressing his palm on the scroll. He will summon any of the medical tools he needs that are listed on the scroll, all or just one, depending on his own needs.
Note: This can only be used by Medical Shinobi.

---

Homework:

Pick 3 medical tools and explain how they can be helpful to you as a medical ninja, particularly in the Ninja Wolrd.

 

[Ryóma]

Scalpel: Although this is a basic tool, it is essential if one wants to access the patient's inner body. It is sterilised, so it won't infect the patient. The scalpel would allow for making quick incisions, perhaps to reach a tissue, bone or muscle in the body and heal it in more depth then if the body is not cut open.

Adrenaline: This is useful for patients who have trouble with circulating blood around their body. A lack of blood supply eventually causes death. Thus, when the adrenaline induces a faster heartbeat, blood will pump faster around the body, making it more likely to reach the whole body and save a life.

Small tent: This one is quite useful as it holds a whole laboratory inside it. If patients have been poisoned, they can be taken into here whilst the doctor tries to create an antidote for them.

 

[Shinta]

The tent tends to be a popular choice for this homework xD

---

So some things will have to be merged and/or skipped from here on out, due to the jutsu list being cut a sizeable amount.

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Keksuki Gyouko (Blood Coagulation)​

This is a fairly simple healing skill that takes a single turn and costs no chakra. The user uses his chakra on a wound to make the blood there coagulate and stop bleeding. This is primarily used as a preliminary treatment option as it does not close wounds. The bleeding from superficial wounds can easily be stopped while we're at it, but deep wounds and "blood leakages" can require several minutes to stop, or can't be stopped at all; meaning simply you can't stop every bleeding, sometimes it takes surgery or so larger scale procedures. All in all, this is ideal for superficial wounds - doesn't requires much work, but stops the bleeding.

Spoiler

Although most of you covered the basis, I cannot correct each of your works individually pointing out what was missing or not so I'll simply make a small concise explanation of what I want you guys to know.

The Coagulation process is one of the most basic but yet complicated processes of the human metabolism (and all animals with blood). In simple terms, its the process through which blood becomes thicker and ultimately solid (cloth) if necessary; its the process through which blood thickness is altered. Taking this basic idea, Blood Coagulation is often dispicted as a stagnant occurrence, triggered only when a trauma occurs and hemostasis is needed.. However, its beyond that idea and is actually an active process constantly changing and balancing the blood's fluidity.

Its a simple idea, although the process itself is complicated. The blood, as a fluid, tends to escape the pathways through which it circulates. These pathways are the blood vessels (arteries and veins). Blood vessels have, inherently a given permeability to enable exchanges between the blood and the cells on the outside of the vessel. The coagulation process serves as a basis for these exchanges to work and is constantly adjusting the blood fluidity in order to keep it flowing in a correct way, containing it in the vessels but maintaining circulation. If the blood is too thin and fluid it will escape the vessels and a passive hemorrhage occurs, disabling the normal exchanging process. If the blood is too thick, it will form cloths, clogging the blood vessel and preventing circulation (trombosis).

This is the process that keeps working 24/7 on adjusting the blood in order for the human body to work and is an automated passive process of our metabolism. Many factors revolve around them and I don't expect you guys to know them all obviously. Vitamin K, Platelets, Fibrogen, Colagen, Water, Ionic Concentrations, Genetic Intrinsic Factors (also named often the coagulation factors), etc all play a part in keeping the passive balance in order. However, this process serves another purpose, which is the main one for our application here in Med School. If blood vessels are ruptured, the blood spills outside of them and a traumatic hemorrhage occurs. Because blood is one of the core participants in the metabolism, the organism can't afford to lose too much of it, so it has to stop the bleeding. This is done through the hemostasis process, a process through which blood is used to produce a cloth of platelets and fribin in the rupture, stopping the bleeding and enabling the repairs to start.

Coagulation works through 2 main factors: The Cell Factor (platelets) and the Protein Factor (Coagulation factor). Basically and resuming it way down since I only want you guys to hav an idea of it, not all the medical details, when a tissue is ruptured and cells are damaged, a special batch of proteins are scattered throughout the wound and surrounding area (they are released as a byproduct of the traumatic destruction of the cells and celular tissue). When the blood comes in contact with these proteins, the platelets and a special protein in the plasm (the "water" base of the blood where all the nutrients and minerals and etc are transported) called fribrogen changes and immediately the primary hemostasis occurs, as a "tampon" of aggregated platelets forms at the rupture, stopping the bleeding. At the same time,the secondary hemostasis ocurrs, through which a complicated chemical and physical reaction ocurrs in the proteins in the plasma, triggering a cascade of reactions that has the byproduct of producing fibrin strands that strengthened the platelet "tampon" and form the definitive cloth. These proteins in the plasma and the cascade reaction of them is the process through which blood becomes thinner or thicker, by the presence of more or less fibrin and its thicker or thinner structure. Fibrin is a thick and gel like protein that combines with water to give plasma its main body (and through more or less "gel", more or less thicker it becomes).

Okay, so, with my explanation and while writing your homework, you all learned (hopefully) what's the basis needed for blood to coagulate. This technique and the procedure around it doesn't makes it do so, and there is nothing you can do to make successful blood coagulation occur, because it is simply too complicated and has too many factors involved. What you can do, however, is help the body while it's trying to do it on its own. This implies that the patients blood has to be able to coagulate on its own already, meaning that all coagulation factors must be present and functioning in his body, he has to have blood, etc. This means that you simply make your patients blood coagulate faster than normal by aiding it with your chakra.

You do so by laying your hand on the wound and infusing it with your chakra, molding, willing your chakra to be of a certain nature that will help the body in the coagulation process; and you do so by simply imagining the chakra how it goes to the blood vessel and starts sticking fibrin and blood platelets together over the damaged area. Pretty simple and doesn't count as a move or requires a technique.

Are there any questions?

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Blood Loss!​

Blood loss is a serious condition, though not one we can properly articulate or measure in the RP. Though if diagnose someone with sufficient blood lose, for example if they lost a limb or are profusely bleeding from combat, you can give them a specific medical pill!

(Ketsueki no Zōka Piru) Blood Replenishing Pill
Type: Healing
Description and Background: Contains high concentrations of amino acids, iron and mitosis inducing enzymes designed to turbo boost the production of erythrocytes from haematopoetic stem cells in the human body. This pill alleviates and cancels the symptoms of blood loss after one turn. These pills are a basic medicine medical ninjas use or administer in combat and are essentially dark red small round pills which are swallowed and absorbed through the mucosa in the stomach
Description of Side Effects:
-Taking 2 pills leads to increased blood pressure, and increased likelihood of blood clots forming, specially through trauma.
-Taking 3 pills over stresses the cardiovascular system and causes aneurysm after 4 turns.

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Any questions about this stuff?

 

[Ryóma]

Cause it's awesome. u-u

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Wow that stuff in that spoiler is pretty detailed, but no questions there.

For the pill, I see that the side effect for taking three is pretty bad, but is the side effect for taking two even that bad? Like how will that affect someone in battle?

 

[Shinta]

Thing it... two pills won't really do anything, unless you have another jutsu in play that increases those things happening too.

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Got a little lost remembering what I was supposed to post next... #__#

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Transfusion and Temp Control no longer have jutsu attached to them, so we shall skip those.

Kigusuri Souzou (Medicine Creation)​

Any medical nin naturally studies the effects of various naturally occurring compounds on the human body and how they can be combined in order to create medicine. In spite of increased knowledge of medical techniques there are times when mixing a medicine is the only solution to a problem. Medicine creation has a variety of uses, such as creating poison antidotes, healing ointments, and disease fighting but is a key aspect of sympton management. Medicines can also be used to treat minor every day ailments such as an upset stomach or cold.

A young nin using this skill has only rudimentary knowledge and often requires a small guide in order to find and create basic medicines. A more experienced ninja will know how to prepare a medicine for any normal injury, poison, or disease.

In the past lessons you have learned how to summon medical tools, and have received kanji for the basic ones. Of the ones you already have through that lesson, you'll need the bottle of sterilized destilied water, the bottle of 96% ethanol (used to desinfect and clean) and the sterile syringe for injecting the medicine if it's to be injected (most aren't!). Here is what you can add to that summon list:

モルタル - mortar and pestle, chemically clean
スプーン - spoon, sterile
パテ - putty knife, metal, sterile


What makes up a medicine then?

All medicine in NB RPG have 2 aspects to it:

-Active Ingredients: these are the ingredients from which you'll borrow a given effect that you need for your medicine. For example, if you want to decrease the amount of pain someone has you can choose poppy seeds. The more active ingredients you add, the more effects you'll cover but the less effective each of them will be.

-Solvent or Medium: this is the medium in which you'll put the active ingredients for delivery to your patient. For example, if you want it to be ingested, you need a medium that can be digested and helps to absorb the active ingredients. There are 3 types of mediums: simple steryle non mineral water (distilled water, normally the norm for injectable IV or IM medicines), oils (any vegetable oil, normally used for skin absorptions or simple mucosa absorption) and other organic mediums (milk, juices, sap, honey, etc, generally used for ingestable medicine), each picked depending on the ingredient, type of delivery, etc.
​

These are picked based on Chinese and oriental knowledge for medicinal herbs. There is no fixed rule as long as what you describe how and why you added each compound. A herbal list we have will help you but so will google. Since the effects are beneficial either way but not exactly a cure, there is no harm in some freeform as long as its logical and supported somehow.

How can these medicines be applied then?

They can be ingested (and in this case, they can be shyrups or pills), injected (either subcutaneously, intravenously or intramuscularly), inhaled (as either powders or mists/gas) or absorbed through the skin or mucosa (as creams, ointments, etc).

Are they similar to real life medicine in their effects?

Yes, to some extent. We disregard side effects ( too complex to implement) and we add the notion that, like with everything in narutoverse, chakra makes everything faster, stronger and more effective. So an antibiotic medicine that would need to work in RL in 7 to 8 days, can be made to work from one RP day to the next.

What effects can be made into medicine?

The main ones are:

• Fever medication (to decrease body temperature and keep it at normal levels)
• Pain medication
• Anti-inflamatory medication
• Antibiotics
• Antidotes (these will be covered in a specific class but are medicine none the less and obey the same rules)
• Anxiety medication
• Sedatives
• Anti-psycotics (these, in narutoverse sense, will help deal with the after effects of Genjutsu, like mental stress and pain)
• Various Nutrient Concentrated Combinations (stuff like a supplement of Iron and Folic Acid to help deal with blood loss or Vitamin C boosts to help improve your defenses against infections)
• Regenerative pills (help to regenerate tissue or heal wounds)
• Vital Faillure Medicine (stuff like adrenaline to help with cardiac arrest or diuretics to make your kidneys function)
• Chakra Medicine & Chakra Medicine (this is a very specific and advanced type of medicine that will directly influence the takers chakra; one can create medicine to more rapidly regenerate chakra, to improve a given skill or technique or even to empower his own body through the use of chakra)
• Empowerment Drugs (these are medicine used to empower your own physical abilities, not through chakra (although they can be combined with those effects for a maxed effect) but through physical organic empowerment like, for example, increasing speed, strength, etc.

But how do we use this in a battle?

You don't. You'll never have time to make a medicine in the middle of a fight and that medicine would never be fast acting enough to be of any help to you during that fight. This skill is solely to use when treating patients in treatment situations, where there is no limit to moves per post but only limits to how much chakra you can spend.

There are, however, medicine you can use in the middle of a fight. These, however, are pre-made and stated in your bio. You'll be able to make a custom medicine for yourself and submit it for approval. If its approved, you can add it to your bio and, like a kunai or some other tool for your fight, it will be there at your disposition in a fight. These custom medicines are made following these principles but are unique to you and are considered to have been made before the fight even starts.

Let's then create a medicine just for example:

I have a patient that has a stomach ache, so I need something that acts calming on the stomach. Also considering the solvent I will need something he can ingest that will help calm his stomach and be absorbed.

After a quick search I find two active ingredients: chamomile and mint. Both have calming effects and both can be digested in the stomach. Both can also be easily infused into any organic liquid so, to help with the calming, I choose goat's milk. Its very rich in all nutrients but, like all milk, its also alkaline in nature, helping to treat stuff like "heart burn".

I put a few fresh leafs of a mint plant in the mortar a long with some dried chamomile leafs, add some milk and crush it all with the pestle until its a uniform paste. I add more milk and stir, creating a thick shyrup. I want it thick to be stronger. I then give it to my patient. After a few minutes, he feels much better.

Let's make an ointment now for demonstrative purposes. Situation: a patient came complaining about a rash that is the result of a poison that was poured over his left arm.
After cleaning the skin of all possible poison residue, I inspect the skin.

Right on touch I notice it's warm, it's red (irritated) and the patient is complaining it hurts on touch. So logically I need something that will cool the arm down, counteract the redness and remove the pain. For that I use mint again (because it has a cooling effect), the roots of a dandelion which both counteracts the red coloring AND the pain because it slightly numbs the skin.

Again I put those in the mortar, add some olive oil and crush it til I'm happy with the result. Oil will protect the skin from harm while also making sure it doesn't dry up. Its also ideal for ointments and, in the case of olive oil, has both reparing and calming properties and is ideal to mix herbs into it. You could use other mediums like water but ideally, in the skin, because it takes longer to absorb, you want a medium that will last in the skin without evaporating. I clean the area with simple water, dry it up carefully and apply the ointment in shallow slow circular movements.

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Kaidokuzai Sōzō (Antidote Creation)​

This is actually a simple more specific application of Medicine Creation developed solely to counteract Poisons, Toxins and Venoms.

An antidote is a substance you'll administer to your patient that will counteract the effects and the progression of a poison, toxin or venom. It not only neutralizes poisons, toxins and venoms that are in the body and not in effect yet as it also neutralizes them when they are already acting while also countering the effects their triggered in the patient. Basically,you do the same and follow the same principle as in Medicine Creation as an antidote is, basically, a medicine.

But how do we know what to put into the antidote?

For this you'll need to first use either the poison extraction technique or the poison extraction seal. In the case you use the technique, as you'll be using diagnosis in tandem, you'll be able to know, as you gather the poison and extract it from the body of the patient, its components and mainly its effects. If you use the sealing technique, you just unseal the poison and use diagnosis on the poison to the same effect.

Once you know what the poison is made of and what it can do, you'll be able to determine what herbs and solvents to mix to create an antidote. But here comes the issue: how can you, an NB RPear, know what herbs and what not to mix to counter a custom poison for example? Its not easy and it would become overly complex for the RP to make players do this. Thats why it was decided that creating fixed component of all antidotes, called antiserum* thats made of various herbs, antibodies from various animals and humans, that can counteract any and all non specific or custom poisons, toxins and venoms.

*in reality, antiserum is the component of blood in which passive immunity to diseases is "memorized". Basically, once you're exposed to a disease your body will create antibodies to combat, leading you to cure that disease. Those antibodies don't disappear. Instead, your body creates more and keeps them in the antiserum, circulating in your body for a time when the disease might attack again. If that happens, the antibodies will attack the disease before it infects you and you trully gain immunity to the disease. Vacination works on this principle. And real life antidotes to snake and other poisons, venoms and toxins is often produced and derived from large mammal antiserum (horses, pigs, etc).

Ofc, you'll still need to add specific herbs to counter the effects that poison, toxin or venom creates in the patient but you won't need to worry about finding herbs that are capable of neutralizing the poison. Some toxins, poisons and venoms though, have very specific antidotes, clearly known and defined. When its such a case, you simply use that.

Ok, so how does it actually work? And what technique is that?

So, lets start by stages:

1. Extract Poison and Analyse it
2. Determine the effects you need to counter and if the venom/toxin/poison has a known antidote
3. Gather the antisserum to counter the poison plus all the active ingrdients needed to counter its effects plus a suitable medium for delivery
4. Mix them all together and create the final medicine, your antidote
5. Administer it to the patient
6. Monitor results

Like all medicines, you can choose to administer it in various ways but, normally, intravenously or intramuscular methods are best because they are much faster acting.

But this isn't practical in combat!

Ofc not. Even a very experienced poison master will not be able to counter poisons in combat as you first need access to the poison. However, if you had access to the poison before, you can create an antidote for it and save it on your bio for future uses.

Additionally, you'll always have with you a medical scroll containing all the known herbs you'll need, most mediums/solvents possible and infinite amounts of antiserrum. This way, your own priority is surviving until the end of the fight so you can then produce and administer the antidote for a poison affecting you.

In the long run, however, the best survival possibility is to have someone to treat you if you ever become poisoned.

So, there's really nothing we can do in a fight?

Well, there is a minor technique that might save you long enough to produce the antidote. But its no sure method. This technique is a variation of Power of Resistance but directed at Poisons and Toxins. It works by halting the progression of the poison using chakra, focus and will power. It can't be used until the first effects of the poison are felt though, so you won't be able to fully remain unscaved. Its a self usage technique that cannot be used on others.

Upon feeling the first effects of the poison, you'll focus and use the same method as Power of Resistance to raise your resistance but this time you'll visualize the poison and your own body and focus on having your chakra "hold the poison in place". You cannot expel the poison, neutralize it or cancel it. No. You simply temporarily stop its effects. The first effects you felt, will be there but there won't be a progression of symptons for as long as you can sustain the technique.

But then here comes the various limitations. The technique requires constant chakra input so the effort and drain of chakra is enormous. Additionally, if you're in a fight, you'll consume one of your allocated moves per turn the first time you use the skill. While using this will still allow you to use other techniques at the same time (its treated more as a passive skill), the longer you use it, the longer the cost is and the harder it is to focus and maintain the technique.

(Iryo Ninjutsu: Doku Teikouryoku) Medical Technique: Poison Resistance
Type: Supplementary
Rank: N/A
Range: N/A
Chakra: N/A (40x(Z), with Z = the number of turns while using it)
Damage: N/A
Description: The user will raise his resistance enabling him to stop the progression of a poison, toxin or venom he might have been contaminated with after feeling its first effects. This will not cure the poisoning but rather stop its progression so the user can continue to fight, hopefully winning the fight, to then be able to treat the poisoning. This is a passive skill that only consumes a move when activated, passively draining chakra, focus and stamina from the user as each turn passes.
Note: Poison masters will be able to do this technique with half the chakra cost.

Btw, this technique has no other defensive effect other than stopping the progression of a poisoning once it starts. This poisoning, however, can be of any origin like custom elements or custom poisons but cannot be an infection like from bacteria, fungi or nano-insects.

Materials needed:

Add these to your summoning scroll

抗血清 - antisserum
ハーブ - various medical herbs
溶剤 - various solvents and mediums
​

All can be used to summon any known medical herb, antisserum and any known solvent and medium. These can also be used for medicine creation if you wish.

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Okay, so these things aren't really too important in the RP as it stands, just things to know though...

Also, tell me the difference between a Poison, Venom and a Toxin please. ^^

 

[Ryóma]

Aah, I see.

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You funny. xD

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That's a pretty cool technique, even if it uses a lot of chakra. Okay, so both poison and venom fall under the category of toxins. Toxins are poisonous substances produced by organisms. Poisons and venoms differ in their methods of delivery. Poisons are ingested or touched, upon where they affect an individual. A venom, on the other hand, is injected, by a bite or sting from another organism.

 

[Shinta]

A toxin can also be almost anything, just depends on the dosage which is a measure of quantity/exposure time.

That resistance jutsu has also been updated to the following:

Spoiler

( Iryo Ninjutsu: Doku Teikouryoku ) - Medical Technique: Poison Resistance
Type: Supplementary
Rank: N/A
Range: N/A
Chakra: ( 40 per turn )
Damage: N/A
Description: The user will raise his resistance enabling him to stop the progression of a poison, toxin or venom he might have been contaminated with after feeling its first effects. This will not cure the poisoning but rather stop its progression so the user can continue to fight, hopefully winning the fight, to then be able to treat the poisoning. This is a skill that only consumes a move when activated, passively draining chakra, focus and stamina from the user as each turn passes.

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I'll be doing edits to the handbook to include new jutsu, that you'll be able to use after we move onto the next class... assuming you have no questions about the current lesson xD

Jokyo Dokubutsu (Poison Removal)​

Okay so this is a tricky one . To begin with, this technique does not cure a poisoning; it simply extracts a portion of the poison and prevents immediate death by delaying the ongoing poisoning. It mainly allows a medical nin enough time to prepare an antidote for the poison and to slow down the effects of a poison used against the medical nin so as to give them time to escape or prepare an antidote for themselves. A patient will still die from a lethal poisoning even if this technique is used if the poison is not treated. Truth be said this technique is less effective against highly advanced poisons that have very fast acting times.

(Iryō Ninjutsu: Doku Ekiso) Medical Technique: Poison Extraction Jutsu
Type: Supplementary
Rank: B-Rank
Range: Short
Chakra: 20
Damage: N/A
Description: An advanced medical jutsu used when the user cannot make enough antidote to cope with a poison. This is used to extract a great deal of the poison from a body, and then the antidote can be administered. The user will need a medium (his own chakra or a chakra receptive medium compatible with the human body, like water) which he will insert into the patients body, using his chakra to gather the poison directly from the tissues, merging it with the medium to then remove and discard. The technique can only remove a limited amount of poison and will not negate any ongoing effects as it cannot remove poison already being metabolized/in effect. Because of this, the medical ninja will still need to administer an antidote and will need to use the technique twice to remove all of the poison from the patient.
Note: can only be used twice, each use delaying the effects of the poison for 2 turns.

The jutsu works in the way that you insert (either your chakra or another highly absorbable, chakra-reactive medium) into the patients body, where it then looks for the poison in various vital organs, and when it finds it, it binds it to it's own energy and draws it out of the body. If using your own chakra (which you will most of the time) then that chakra cannot go back into your body otherwise you'll poison yourself, you have to discard it, if you're using the previously mentioned medium you have to throw it away. The use of specific chakra receptive mediums helps to mitigate/diminish the risk of self poisoning or injury when dealing with unknown poisons and, more importantly, with corrosive ones.


Removing the poison makes it easier to heal. You remove the "inactive" poison that is circulating the patients body and hasn't yet affected any tissue. By removing that you prevent further injuries and damage into the patient. However, the poison which is already affecting the tissues needs to be dealt with with antidote. If you didn't remove the "inactive", unused one, you'd need to supply antidote for a much longer period of time and would risk losing the patient in the inbetween.

~>NEW

( Iryō Suiton: Suika ) - Medical Water Style: Water Mosquito
Type: Supplementary
Rank: A
Range: Short
Chakra: 30
Damage: N/A ( -20 damage as the poison is removed )
Description: After using the Tiger seal, the user creates water mosquitoes, that can be used to nullify poison in a target's body. Designed specifically to suck out poison, the user is unable to use anything else while concentrating on the target. Despite being a healing jutsu, the several mosquitoes cause pain to the body as it heals it.

Note the damage cause by using the mosquitoes. No water source requires though it does require as much concentration/attention as the poison extraction technique. This does however nullify the poisoning much quicker though damage already caused will still have to be treated.​

Q&A

First of all, what would constitute a "highly absorbable, chakra-reactive medium"? Would this be some form of medical tool, or other cannon instrument we could use, or would it have to be, for example, a Custom Weapon which absorbs chakra?

The Highly Absorbable chakra-reactive medium can be Water, Wood, etc. It can be anything that reacts with chakra and is compatible with organic medium. Water was what we saw used in the manga by Sakura but you can also simply use your raw chakra. Wood is a possibility as its organic in nature and would be a nice medium for this. In theory, other elements/materials that are compatible with organic living things or that exist inside them can be used.

Is there any particular reason the technique cannot extract all of the poison? And, building on that question, if several med-nin worked together at once, would they be able to extract all of the poison? Or is the fact that we cannot extract it all tied into how poisons affect our bodies?

Poison will cling to the cells and tissues in a way that prevents you from pulling it all out without damaging the patient in one go. You need to take the first portion first, then redo the procedure to remove the remnants that might be left. In essence, you'll only be removing the poison that is "waiting to act" in the body, not the one already acting. Think of it as cleaning spilled oil on a surface. First you pass a cloth that takes the majority of the oil but there is always some left on the surface. You then pass a new cloth once again to clean whatever is left.

Would this work on other toxins aside from poison, such as, for example, venom? Or would this extract solely poison, and leave us unable to extract other deadly toxins?

We will speak about Poison, Toxins and Venoms further on but to answer your question, in terms of our RP, all 3 are cured in the same manner: remove + antidote.

What is considered an advanced poison? Considering that the technique is only B ranked, I'd assume that everything poisonous above B rank is too strong to be extracted, right?

Advanced poisons are all the custom poisons, the specific poisons. Anything not existing in real life/nature/narutoverse nature. Basically, man made poison. Poison form normal Poison Release techniques isn't considered advanced. Sasori's poison is considered advanced poison though severely slow acting.

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I recall you being Jounin so you can use both of the jutsu in the above class. Let me know if your rank changes as we'll be getting to some higher ranked things soon. ^^

 

[Ryóma]

I see. Nice, it looks neater now.

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So with the new technique, is there a limit to the times it can be used like the previous one?

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Yeah, I'm doing battles atm. Progressing pretty slowly though. ;-;

 

[Shinta]

Unless the jutsu description states a usage limit, there is none. In this case, you can use it as many times as you like... though it does cause damage to the patient.

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We'll have to come back to the Mystic Palm Lesson, shoot me a vm or post here when you are S-class.

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Kin'yō Shippai Soshite Chiryō (Vital Faillure and Treatment)​

This would be the equivalent of a Trauma class in a real medical or nursing school. You'd learn all about trauma, injuries, etc and how to deal with patients in those situations. However, this is narutobase RPG and, unlike myself, you don't have medical training. As such, it would be highly confusing, lengthy and overly complex to explain all of this. Instead, we opted for a simplified approach by giving you the knowledge of basic things and how they make the bridge between reality and the RPG.

There are vital functions our bodies need to ensure in order for us to function normally and, well, live. Someone is sick when, due to a plethora of reasons, these functions aren't working as intended. Your job, as a medical ninja, is to assess which ones and fix them. To do so you need at least rudimentary knowledge about the most common vital functions and the most common issues associated with them.

Vital Signs:

These are various parameters that are measured in oder to evaluate how your body is functioning. They are 6

• Heart Rate/Pulse - Measured by putting your finger in either the radial artery or the carotid artery and counting how many "pulses" are felt in a minute OR by evaluating the electrical current in the heart. Since the heart beats based on electrical impulses that trigger the muscle reaction to contract the heart, each impulse is equivalent to a heart beat. With diagnosis it can be measured by detecting both the electrical impulses but also the pulses in the arteries. Measured in beats per minute.
  
  
  Bradicardia = low heart rate. Normally, anything beneath 40 to 30 bpms is bad. The normal is around 60 to 70.
  Taquicardia = high heart rate. Normally anything above 150 while not doing exercise is bad.
  Arrhythmia = abnormal/irregular heart rate. In a minute, the heart can beat sometimes fast, sometimes slow.
  Assytole = no electrical current in the heart muscle.
  Fibrillation = short circuit in the heart. Normally, what happens is that theres a lot of electrical activity in the heart but its not producing heart beats. The impulses happen and travel into the muscle but don't trigger a muscle response. There is no pulse but you can feel the electrical currents in the heart.
  ​
• Blood Pressure - Measured by diagnosis. Its the pressure the blood exerts on the blood vessels. It has 2 values: Systolic (max value, when the heart contracts and sends blood flowing) Diastolic (when the heart is released and not exerting pressure). Measured in mmHG. Its influenced by blood volume, diameter of the blood vessels and osmosis balance.
  
  
  High blood pressure or hypertension = blood pressure is high and can make weak vessels (like in the brain or eyes) rupture, leading to hemorrhagic strokes. Highly associated with stress, anxiety and nervousness. Pain and general distress might have that effect.
  Low blood pressure or hypotension = blood pressure is low and can make it so that blood doesn't heave enough strength to reach all the minor vessels further from the heart. Blood loss leads to hypotension. If the tension is too low, the person will lose conscious.
  ​
• Temperature - We already talked about this. Measured by a thermometer or diagnosis. Values are either degrees ºC or ºF.
• Breathing Frequency - How many ventilations are done in a minute and its characteristics. Breathing can be normal (around 20 to 30 cycles per minute), rapid, slow, superficial (when there is barely movement of the lungs and the ventilation as a result becomes shallow) or difficult (when the lungs have trouble ventilating). You can also have other charateristics like coff (normal sympton of irritation of the lungs/throat), secretions (normal sympton of infection in the lungs), etc.
• Pain - Pain is a vital sign, one that can be measured by diagnosis but is generally measured by the patient himself in a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being the worse pain. If pain is high enough, it can make the person shut down and faint. Different people have different tolerance to pain.
• Suffering - A vital sign associated with the emotional distress brought upon the body. Its linked mainly to terminal patients and extreme physical pain.

Other aspects to consider as vital are:

• Consciousness - If the person is conscious or not. If he isn't, he might be easily awoken or not. If he isn't, even with painfully stimuli, you call it a coma.
• Orientation - if the person, while conscious, has normal grasp of time and space (if he or she knows where and when he or she is). If they don't, its normally considered that the person is confused.
• Body Integrity - basic aspect to look at when you asses a patient and a vital portion of a patients health. It basically means to check if the patients body is complete and without external visible injuries or changes. Wounds, abnormal angulation of bones and limbs, growths or edema (swelling), skin color, having all body parts one had, etc etc.
• Elimination - this basic means both feces and urine excretion. These need to happen normally in a frequent basis.

These are the main aspects you'll look for in a patient to assess if something is wrong with him in narutobase RPG. This is very very very basic and somewhat dumbdown so you can look up some aspect in the web to use in battles or for creating customs.

Main Problems, Conditions and Diseases in Narutobase RPG:

• Skin and Soft Tissue Trauma - simple to understand. It pertains to bruises, hematomas, cuts, stabs, etc. Basically, any wound on the body, both internal and external. You need to heal the wounds and treat their consequences (blood loss, pain, infection).
• Blood Loss - Loss of blood and all that comes with it. You'll need to help the body restore the blood, prevent more from escaping or replenish the blood.
• Infections - bacterial and viral infections, normally after your wounds getting infected. You need to fix the cause and treat the bacteria/virus. Don't forget the fever.
• Bone Fractures - heal the surrounding tissue and whatever lead to the fracture, treat the pain, set the bone and heal the bone. Normally, it goes toe and toe with wounds and other injuries, internal or external.
• Poisonings - stabilize the patient, remove the poison, identify it, produce the antidote, administer it.
• Chakra Flow Disturbances - detect the origin, negate it and restore normal chakra flow.
• Mental Trauma - if trauma isfrom a technique, release it or end it and if not, just move on to the next step which is to administer medicine to calm the patients mind and keep him sedated until the mind heals itself with time.
• Severed Limbs & Body Parts - same principle as with normal wounds but with more focus on containing blood loss before attempting to re-attach or heal the injuries.
• Heart & Breathing Faillure - detect the issue, keep blood flowing with CPR, fix the issue, keep blood flowing with CPR, use Thunder Hands to restart heart.
• Allergic Reactions - detect the cause, remove it, administer adrenaline, monitor reaction and vital signs.
• Extreme Fatigue - administer medicine in order to more rapidly restore the patient to normalcy levels of stamina.