Only someone using Six Paths Senjutsu or its equivalent can create Godoudama. Madara couldn't create Godoudama prior to becoming the Juubi's Jinchuuriki because, despite having some of Hagoromo's chakra via the Rinnegan and using a limited form of Hashirama's Senjutsu, he did not have anything on the level of Six Paths Senjutsu.
Obito created a Godoudama after absorbing a bit of Madara's Six Paths Senjutsu. That's why he could create a staff and deflect Madara's Godoudama.
Sasuke could not create Godoudama because, despite having some of Hagoromo's chakra, he did not have Six Paths Senjutsu. This applied even after Sasuke contained the raw chakra of the individual Bijuu within his Susano'o; the chakra was not housed within Sasuke, and was probably not combined into the Juubi (Senjutsu), but rather remained pure, regular chakra.