Alright, some simple things you have to understand are elemental weaknesses and strengths.
Water <Earth <Lightning <Wind < Fire <Water
And as you saw in our fight, sometimes even when one type jutsu is weaker than another it may still work against it.
Like my s-rank wind was = a-rank fire, but my s-rank wind outdid your b-rank fire if i remember correctly, and still left some wind to hurt you with.
The only time this doesn't is when its water vs fire. It usually always turns into steam when they face off. Same for earth and lightning, lightning will always destroy earth, but it depends on the hardness of the earth. Like when you used swamp, i used banquet of lightning to stop the flow of earth chakra to stop us from sinking. I coulda followed up with Hurricane jutsu (your favorite jutsu like you said) to make some of the swamp be blown onto you and stop you from doing handseals xd.
And some elemental matchups such as wind and earth it also depends on the hardness of the earth that the wind hits to determine whether or not the wind will get to your opponent, and its the same for fire as well. It also depends on the power of the fire/wind jutsu against it.
Another thing is that even though water is weak against earth, it is also weak against lightning, if you use the lightning correctly. if your opponent wets the area or gets wet himself, you can use a lightning jutsu to shock him horribly, but watch that you don't shock yourself. (prime example: kirabi vs tcs in first war. kirabi tried to go across a lake in his lightning shadow's armor, only to shock himself to death since the water conducted the lightning in his armor)
You may not use nin/gen/tai as often as u use elements, but sometimes ull be in fights in which you can only use tai or gen. And even though I didn't teach you all of them, look through the ninjutsu list every so often to see what hidden gems there are in there that you can use to your advantage.^^
Due to your sharingan you may use its gen more than regular gen...but try to vary your gens, b/c too much sharingan gen will tire yourself and your sharingan out xd