Kagara, matching his sensei's actions, also sat down the floor, sitting on his knee's as his sensei asked him to explain the basics of Taijutsu, which he felt seemed like a quite simple feat, and as such Kagara simply started speaking off the top of his head without really giving it much thought.
Well, i'll go through the list the same way you asked me to, if you dont mind? Taijutsu is the art of Hand to hand combat. Turning ones own body into a weapon, or in some cases, even a shield. Taijutsu can be anything from punches and kicks, to headbutt's elbows, knee's, any physical or defensive action where the user's primary weapon is their own limbs is considered Taijutsu.
As for strength, well thats simple, it pertains to ones physical capabilities. Some people can lift heavy weights, having a strong upper body strength, Whereas some people run and kick faster, having a stronger lower body. Strength comes down to ones physical attributes where chakra isn't a factor, as Chakra enhances ones base strength.
Stamina is, also simple, its how long someone can fight. You can be the strongest, fastest fighter in the world, but if you can only last ten seconds, than you will die, simple.
Balance and stance are really one in the stance. A bad stance can lead to bad balance, and vice versa. Your balance allows you to traverse and move on more uneven and less favorable surfaces, where as a stance can increase your power, or give you a better chance at dodging.
You told me to stay out of heavy detail, so i hope that will suffice.
Kagara then closed his eye's and sighed, realising he had said all that with one breath made him feel quite silly, his stupid social ineptitude coming through strong as usual.