Thank You Sensei for that, and for the detailed explanation.
So let's begin.
Sunagakure
Suna is a village in the middle of a desert ...
The temperature is very high and as far as I've seen, it doesn't rain at all.
There is a small variety of creatures, and the ones that live there are only creatures able to sruvive in extreme conditions. Supposing it has the same environmental factors as a real desert, during night, the temperature lowers, making it very cold. The air is drought and hot.There happen to be a lot of sandstorms.
Note: As stated in the anime, the village in located in an area with large rocks, resembling mountains, which surround and protect the village.
Water effects : Water wouldn't "last" for too long in the desert, since it's very hot and the water would easily evaporate. If salty water is used, then the water would evaporate and the salt would be left behind. The village also lacks running water.
Kirigakure
Since the village is located in the land of water(which is composed of many islands, which means they are surrounded by water), water is present everywhere. Most of the Shinobis are proficient with water techniques. Due to large water deposits, the air is also "mixed" with water, and so when the droplets of water are suspended in the air, mist is formed. The presence of mist in the village, indicates that here is a high concentration of water there, since the mist never disappears. Water effect was stated before.
Konohagakure
Konoha is a village located in a forest(supposedly by it's name), so it gains the properties and environmental factors a forest would have. The land is reach of water, trees and animals. The temperature varies, it's warm and fresh at summer, and cold at winter. The presence of the trees makes the air clean and fresh.
Water effects : The water is present at the village, since there are growing trees and active rivers. By it's effects, there is a waterfall created outside the village. Other than that, it doesn't affect the temperature or anything else.(According to me.)
Kumogakure
This village is literally "located" in the clouds, since it is built at the top of large rock, which "touch" the sky, and where clouds surround the village. At that height, the air pressure is high, and it makes breathing harder than in normal conditions. The permanent presence of clouds, means that there is an ocean(sea) nearby. Since lighting storms are present there, that maybe explains why most of the villagers are proficient in Lightning Release.
Water effects : As stated before, the presence of sea(water in this case), indicates why the presence of clouds also is permanent.
Iwagakure
Being located in rocky massive mountain ranges, the village itself is composed by rocks and stones. There are small running waterfalls. The temperature should be the same as a normal mountain temperature. But I must also state that, when the rock are heated, the heat spread by the rocks can be very high, but it is balanced by the temperature of the place(mountain), resulting in just a slight change of temperature.
Water effects : Water should be a necessity in this village, so the small waterfalls located there are very important, and since there is no fertile land, water is not needed for fertilizing, so it should be enough just to "quench" the thirst.
I hope that i included everything. =D