Personally, I think Sasuke's goal is kind of obvious. He wants to utterly destroy the system that ruined his life. To do that, he has to eliminate the entire concept of shinobi. However, it is difficult to understand how this relates to the Tailed Beasts unless you think back to previous chapters.
According to Kurama, the Ten-Tails' is the 'source' of all chakra. This implies that the existence of chakra is intrinsically tied to the Ten-Tails' and the Tailed Beasts. Presumably, if Sasuke somehow managed to destroy them permanently, then chakra would cease to exist and the shinobi system would collapse.
This is the only explanation that remotely makes sense to me. The shinobi system has never been dependent on the existence of the Tailed Beasts or Jinchuuriki, so totally removing them from the equation would do nothing.