There are three probable factors:
1. Sasuke used his MS abilities far more recklessly than the others. None of the others really pushed themselves to the point of exhaustion while using their MS abilities. Obviously, most of them, including Madara and Itachi, likely initially were overwhelmed by their new abilities. A good example of this is Kakashi, who passed out when his MS initially activated. However, Sasuke has a tendency of simply spamming his abilities without concern for his chakra levels. The only other person to do this regularly is Kakashi, but when he does it, he really doesn't have a choice, previously didn't use his MS abilities very often, and always kept his chakra reserves in mind.
2. Another point is that Amaterasu, Susanoo, and Tsukuyomi are considered to be some of the most powerful MS abilities. This likely has a direct affect on how fast the user's eyes deteriorate. If you look at Itachi and Madara's fighting styles, they generally tend to hold back, while Sasuke goes all out and immediately uses his most powerful techniques.
3. Sasuke is the only person who really has nobody to draw experience and advice from. Every other Sharingan user in the series had at least one person to guide them on their use of their Sharingan. Sasuke had Kakashi, but he clearly wouldn't know nearly as much about the Sharingan than an actual Uchiha. In fact, most of the Uchiha didn't even know everything about their eyes. I think that a great deal of the information about the Sharingan had died out during or after the Third Great Shinobi War, since there didn't seem to be nearly as much emphasis on developing it beyond the basic Sharingan in the village before the massacre. In other words, Sasuke never really learned how to properly use his Sharingan.
