The study included 4 281 adults across England.
The ethnic groups that were included in the study were Indians, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, West Indians, Irish and white Britons.
Results:
"For every ten percentage point reduction in own-group density, the relative odds of reporting psychotic experiences increased 1.07 times (95% CI 1.011.14, P = 0.03 (trend)) for the total minority ethnic sample. In general, people living in areas of lower own-group density experienced greater social adversity that was in turn associated with reporting psychotic experiences".
-What do you think about the investigation?
-Does it exist similar studies in your respective countries?
-What is the mental health of whites and minorities in your countries?
-Have you been affected mentally by multi-culturism? Anyone regardless of nationality, race a.s.o can answer that quest..
-Any other thoughts?
The ethnic groups that were included in the study were Indians, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, West Indians, Irish and white Britons.
Results:
"For every ten percentage point reduction in own-group density, the relative odds of reporting psychotic experiences increased 1.07 times (95% CI 1.011.14, P = 0.03 (trend)) for the total minority ethnic sample. In general, people living in areas of lower own-group density experienced greater social adversity that was in turn associated with reporting psychotic experiences".
People resident in neighbourhoods of higher own-group density experience buffering effects from the social risk factors for psychosis.
There is now a sizeable literature on the incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses among migrant and minority ethnic groups, particularly in the UK and The Netherlands.
Although in the main, the evidence suggests the incidence is elevated in most of the migrant and minority ethnic groups that have been studied, the evidence is stronger and more consistent for some groups, and the extent to which rates are increased varies markedly between groups.
In Britain, for example, elevated incidence rates for psychosis have been noted in Black African and Black Caribbean populations, with less elevated risks among Irish and Indian and Pakistani populations, and specifically, among Pakistani and Bangladeshi women.
The most recent literature review further suggests that among some groups the incidence is greater among second-generation than first-generation migrants (such as Black Caribbean people in the UK).
These patterns of risk suggest that there may be strong social risk factors related to the post-migration settlement context, such as experiences of discrimination, neighbourhood context, and specifically ethnic density8 that may account for this variation.
The neighbourhood may function as a reservoir of risk or resilience in the aetiology of psychosis. However, there have been few studies directly examining this notion.
One study suggested that neighbourhood-level ethnic group density may buffer residents from experiences of racism and discrimination that may in turn be associated with less psychotic experiences, but there have been no studies examining interactions of individual-level experiences of social support and chronic adversity with ethnic density and psychosis.
Most previous work has tended to group ethnic minorities together8,10 or has used service contact data to ascertain psychosis. Given the different settlement experiences of migrant groups in Britain, and the complex pathways to care reported in the literature for minority ethnic groups13 this has been a limitation of previous work.
With this in mind, using a nationally representative community-level data-set, we hypothesised that minority ethnic groups living in areas of lower own-group density would be more likely to report previous-year psychotic experiences relative to people living in areas of higher own-group density.
In this population-based survey we used the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ)14 to screen for previous-year self-reported psychotic experiences.
Although the relationship between population-level self-reported psychotic experiences and case-definition psychotic disorders remains controversial, associations between the two have been noted with similar demographic correlates between clinical psychosis and psychotic experiences.
Associations between the reporting of community-level psychotic experiences and impairment of functioning have also been noted. Additionally, psychotic experiences may convert to clinical psychosis, particularly in adolescent and young adults.
Therefore, examining ethnic density associations with psychotic experiences within this data-set had the advantage of understanding the experiences of minority ethnic groups within a community survey of private households, potentially helping to illuminate the broader aetiology of psychosis.
We hypothesised that relative to people living in areas of a greater ethnic density, people resident in areas of lower own-group density would be more likely to report adverse psychosocial factors potentially associated with onset and course of psychosis.
Finally, we aimed to test for buffering effects of density; that is whether adverse associations of discrimination, chronic strains and poorer social support with psychotic experiences might be aggravated by living in areas of lower own-group density.
There is now a sizeable literature on the incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses among migrant and minority ethnic groups, particularly in the UK and The Netherlands.
Although in the main, the evidence suggests the incidence is elevated in most of the migrant and minority ethnic groups that have been studied, the evidence is stronger and more consistent for some groups, and the extent to which rates are increased varies markedly between groups.
In Britain, for example, elevated incidence rates for psychosis have been noted in Black African and Black Caribbean populations, with less elevated risks among Irish and Indian and Pakistani populations, and specifically, among Pakistani and Bangladeshi women.
The most recent literature review further suggests that among some groups the incidence is greater among second-generation than first-generation migrants (such as Black Caribbean people in the UK).
These patterns of risk suggest that there may be strong social risk factors related to the post-migration settlement context, such as experiences of discrimination, neighbourhood context, and specifically ethnic density8 that may account for this variation.
The neighbourhood may function as a reservoir of risk or resilience in the aetiology of psychosis. However, there have been few studies directly examining this notion.
One study suggested that neighbourhood-level ethnic group density may buffer residents from experiences of racism and discrimination that may in turn be associated with less psychotic experiences, but there have been no studies examining interactions of individual-level experiences of social support and chronic adversity with ethnic density and psychosis.
Most previous work has tended to group ethnic minorities together8,10 or has used service contact data to ascertain psychosis. Given the different settlement experiences of migrant groups in Britain, and the complex pathways to care reported in the literature for minority ethnic groups13 this has been a limitation of previous work.
With this in mind, using a nationally representative community-level data-set, we hypothesised that minority ethnic groups living in areas of lower own-group density would be more likely to report previous-year psychotic experiences relative to people living in areas of higher own-group density.
In this population-based survey we used the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ)14 to screen for previous-year self-reported psychotic experiences.
Although the relationship between population-level self-reported psychotic experiences and case-definition psychotic disorders remains controversial, associations between the two have been noted with similar demographic correlates between clinical psychosis and psychotic experiences.
Associations between the reporting of community-level psychotic experiences and impairment of functioning have also been noted. Additionally, psychotic experiences may convert to clinical psychosis, particularly in adolescent and young adults.
Therefore, examining ethnic density associations with psychotic experiences within this data-set had the advantage of understanding the experiences of minority ethnic groups within a community survey of private households, potentially helping to illuminate the broader aetiology of psychosis.
We hypothesised that relative to people living in areas of a greater ethnic density, people resident in areas of lower own-group density would be more likely to report adverse psychosocial factors potentially associated with onset and course of psychosis.
Finally, we aimed to test for buffering effects of density; that is whether adverse associations of discrimination, chronic strains and poorer social support with psychotic experiences might be aggravated by living in areas of lower own-group density.
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-What do you think about the investigation?
-Does it exist similar studies in your respective countries?
-What is the mental health of whites and minorities in your countries?
-Have you been affected mentally by multi-culturism? Anyone regardless of nationality, race a.s.o can answer that quest..
-Any other thoughts?
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