You're gonna hate me I bet but we'll start off with some basic analysis. We won't do this RP style even though that pains me greatly. We'll cover the major points of Sharingan, its evolutions, what the evolution actually means, and some other topics like taijutsu, speed, movement, and genjutsu. Oh and Sharingan hypnosis, one of the rarely discussed points of the Sharingan. So let's get started.
I know you know very well what a blood line trait is. So I won't ask something as basic as that. But I what is this Sharingan in the context of its stages? Tobirama talks about this a little bit in part 2. How much do you remember about that? You have the three basic stages, and then the more unique and special ones (technically only one because it doesn't actually evolve to an EMS). And then of course it advances one final time to the Rinnegan which is something we've only seen happen with two characters: Hagoromo and Madara.
Like all Doujutsu, the Sharingan can see chakra? What are the limits of this? Can the Sharingan directly deduce the type/nature of chakra? How strong is the Sharingan's visual prowess compared to the Byakugan in terms of seeing through physical obstacles?
I remember everything, id rather you quiz me instead of having to explain though.
Progression of Kaguya's dojutsu went from (excluding anime depictions)
1)Rinne Sharingan > Rinnegan > Indra's Dojutsu (Which very well could've been a Mangekyou Sharingan ) > Sharingan
- Sharingan further evolves to Mangekyou sharingan (EMS being a variation without drawbacks). And Madara managed to take his Dojutsu up till Rinne-Sharingan by eliminating genetic deficiencies created over time.
2) Byakugan
-Byakugan didn't experience any dramatic change except for an apparent weakening when kaguya demonstrated her byakugan as being way superior. Same could be said by other Otsutsuki and Moon residents.
Conception behind sharingan is simple, If you consider Indra succeeded Hagoromo's yin, and Asura, yang. You can rephrase it as saying, Indra inherited the mind, and Asura the body. As such sharingan is deeply rooted in the Yin side, awakening sharingan and progressing through it stages all require emotional development.
Awakening and progression up until 3T require some emotional trauma. I include progression because even that is accelerated over emotional development noting Sasuke's progression to 3T during battle with Naruto.
Mangekyou Sharingan requires another trauma, death of a close relative.
Tobirama explains the changes in mental chakra created through trauma awakens sharingan. As such all Uchiha are subject to the curse of hatred. In a way, Sharingan feeds off Yin energy generated through the user's mental state.
As i explained before, Sharingan evolves to Rinnegan upon eliminating genetic deficiencies. I.e. Senju genes.
Sharingan can see chakra. It's effectiveness depends on the skill of user, if the user understands how chakra natures work. They can take it as far as to predict the incoming chakra nature (element). i.e. You can predict determine a technique is lightning release by looking at whether or not the chakra particles are vibrating intensely. Friction between particles on the other hand would mean Fire release. So the answer is no, it cannot directly predict the nature and type of attacks. It lends the tool that allow the user to predict.
Visual prowess of Sharingan when compared to Byakugan is tricky question. You have to look at each case separately. For instance Byakugan dominates when it comes to range, it doesn't have a cone of vision like sharingan does. It has 360 degrees of vision with one blind spot.
Sharingan on the other hand provides a stronger reaction time and affinity towards genjutsu as well as hypnosis.
Both Dojutsu can see chakra and through objects but Sharingans ability to see through objects is more limited than byakugans. Some idiots will tell you that you can see the color of chakra and tell which elemental nature opponent is using. But thats false, elemental nature can be predicted like i previously explained and colour has more to do with the type of chakra (a third component like NE?, Bijuu's chakra, changes in ratios like Sasuke 's Yin heavy chakra being colder and darker in colour.
This answers all your questions and more, so lets skip the next 5 questions.